What is another name for a muscle cell? Muscle fiber The characteristic of muscle to return to resting length after being stretched is referred to as: Elasticity What is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle consisting of the contractile proteins between Z lines? Sarcomere What is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber that is polorized? Sarcomere What is the largest of the contractile proteins of the skeletal muscle? Myosin The regulatory calcium binding contractile protein of striated muscle is? Troponin Junction including t- tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Triad Intracellular membrane compartment the stores calcium. Sarcoplasmic reticulum In reference to skeletal muscle, a muscle action describing visible shortening is? Concentric A chemical released at a synapse in response to the depolarization of the presynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter A receptor located within skeletal muscle that is sensitive to static and dynamic changes in muscle length. Muscle spindle The connection between a terminal branch of an alpha motor nerve and skeletal muscle fiber. Neuromuscular junction Slow oxidative motor units are recruited 1st during incremental exercise followed by an increase in FOG and FG motor unit recruitment. What principle does this follow? Size principal. A procedure of removing a microscopic sample of skeletal muscle fiber for research. Muscle biopsy One watt equal how many kg-m/min 6.118 kg-m/min 1 Kcal equals how many kilojoules? 4.186 kj 32° Fahrenheit equals what ° centigrade? Zero degrees centigrade The transfer of heat form one place to another by the motion of a heated substance is called? Convection What EKG lead will have the highest P wave? Lead II What are the bipolar leads in a 12 lead EKG? I, II, III What does the letter a stand for in aVF, aVL, aVR? Augmented A heart rate less than 60b/min is called? Bradycardia A heart rate greater than 100b/min is called? Tachycardia In a normal heart rhythm, what is the dominant pacemaker? SA Node Do beta-blockers have a positive or negative inotropic effect on the heart? Negative Does digitalis have a positive or negative inotropic effect on the heart? Positive How many lead placements are there in a 12 lead EKG? 10 To what length can skeletal muscle extend? 150 % of resting length How much can skeletal muscle shorten? 57 % The property of a muscle to be stimulated by a substance is referred to as: Irritability During breathing, this muscle facilitates expiration? Diaphragm A heart rate rhythm that is not normal is referred to as: Arrhythmia The self-initiating characteristic of the heart muscle impulses is called: Automaticity Excess drinking of fluid (typically water) lowers the concentration of serum sodium, increasing the risk of developing ________. Hyponathermia A body temperature above 37° is called: Hyperthermia Heat production account for _____% to_____% of total caloric expenditure during exercise. 70% - 75% _____ is decreased by body water content. Dehydration During exercise, heat loss to the environment can occur by radiation, convection and_____ cooling. Evaporative An ergogenic aid that increases interstitial and vascular water: Glycerol The globular protein of muscle that contains one iron containing heme group that can bind oxygen? Myoglobin Cells that can generate action potentials in response to changes in chemical composition of their surroundings. Chemoreceptors The increase in ventilation corresponding to the development of metabolic acidosis, usually detected during an incremental exercise test. Ventilory threshold The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. Carbonic anhydrase Flexibility training technique that involves tension and relaxation of target muscles. Contract-relax stretching Making an expiratory effort with the glottis closed. Valsalva maneuver A lack of adequate blood flow to active muscles. Ischemia Diffusion with a semipermeable membrane and a lipid containing more particles on one side. Osmosis The movement of substances against their concentration gradients by expenditure of metabolic energy. Active transport What is the fluid outside of every cell? Interstitial fluid A lack of adequate oxygen. Hypoxia The most important glucocorticoid that promotes the increased synthesis of glucose. Cortisol This hormone increases metabolic rate and its gland is located in the upper part of the trachea. Thyroxin What are the two major hormones secreted by the pancreas? Insulin and glucagon Losing electrons is referred to as: Oxidation The lipid portion of the blood. Plasma What is the barometric pressure of ABQ, NM? 630 mmHg Per liter of oxygen consumed, which provides more energy (kcal)- Carbohydrate or Fat? Carbohydrate (5.05kcal/liter) What is the body’s efficiency in converting chemical to mechanical energy during exercise? 30% How many ATP are formed as the result of the metabolism of 1 glucose molecule? 36 ATP (in muscle) How many ATP are formed as the result of the metabolism of 1 palmitate (16 carbon) molecule? 129 ATP Which energy system, phosphocreatine, glycolysis, or oxidative phosphorylation provides the most rapid source of ATP breakdown? Phosphocreatine 1 MET is equivalent to how many ml/kg/min? 3.5 ml/kg/min Carbohydrates are stored in the tissues of the body in the form of: Glycogen Creatine phosphate is an important high energy intermediate in metabolism because? It can be used to resynthesize ATP very quickly. The term for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is: Glygenolysis The term for the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is: Glycolysis The breakdown of fatty acids to Acetyl-CoA is termed? Beta oxidation The hormone responsible for increasing cellular uptake of glucose is: Insulin Those areas of medullated nerve that are devoid of myelin sheath are: Nodes of ranvier Oxygen-binding pigment similar to hemoglobin gives red muscle fiber it color? Myoglobin Structured, sequential development of athletic skill in specific time blocks is: Periodization A group of compounds, collectively refers to ATP and PC: Phosphagens Chemical substance involved in transmission of an impulse from one nerve fiber to another across a synapse. Acetylcholine The electrical activity developed in muscle or nerve during activity or depolorization: Action potential The enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of ATP: ATPase Metabolic process where the nitrogen containing amino radical is removed from the amino acid molecule. Amino acid deamination These two hormones are referred to as catecholamines. Epinephrine and norepinephrine Lower than normal blood sugar level due to inadequate supply or regulation. Hypoglycemia True or False- If coming from sea level to Albuquerque, it is expected that the ability to perform endurance activities is decreased. True True or False- The percentage of oxygen in the air at altitude is lower than at sea-level. False- it is still 20.95% How many kilogram-meters per minute (kgm·min) equal one Watt? 6.118 What are the energy equivalents (kcal) per gram of CHO, Fat, and Protein? 4,9,4 True or False- Active recovery is more effective than passive recovery in facilitating restoration of ATP? True Where does most of the lipid metabolized during aerobic exercise come from? Muscle lipid droplets In which cellular organelle is oxygen "consumed" and used to produce ATP? Mitochondria Does lipid "burn" in a carbohydrate "flame"? No, it burns in an amino acid flame. The cycle used to carry lactate from muscle to the blood, for uptake by the liver to form glucose is? The Cori Cycle The ratio of work output to work input is? Efficiency The first muscle fibers recruited during low to moderate intensity exercise are? Slow twitch What hormone can cause an increase in blood glucose levels? Glucagon The term for formation of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source is? Gluconeogenesis The lack of adequate oxygen due to reduced partial pressure of oxygen is termed? Hypoxia The food source that provides the most Kcal per gram is? Fat The lactate threshold represents a transition between: Steady state and non- steady state exercise Ergometry involves the measurement of? Mechanical work and power What is the body’s efficiency in converting chemical energy to mechanical energy during exercise? ~ 30 % What decreases as you go up in altitude- the percentage of oxygen in the air or the partial pressure of oxygen in the air? Partial pressure of oxygen What two components determine minute ventilation (VE)? Tidal volume and respiratory rate How many alveoli are in the human lung? 300 million What is an immediate response that the body makes during acute exposure to altitude? Increased ventilation What is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood? 100mmHg What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood? ~ 46 mmHg What is a normal hematocrit for men & women? 40- 45 % for men, 35-40% for women Is ventilation a component of respiration or is respiration a component of ventilation? Ventilation is a component of respiration. What is the part of ventilation that reaches the respiratory zone of the lung? Alveolar ventilation What 2 ways is oxygen transported in blood? Dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin How much oxygen in ml’s can be bound per gram of hemoglobin? 1.34 ml/O2/gm/Hb A downward right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve is called? The Bohr effect Does heart rate typically increase or decrease during expiration? Decrease How much does the atrial kick contribute to ventricular filling? 30% End diastolic volume or stretch in the heart is known as: Preload What is the natural pacemaker of the heart? SA node What law states that increased stretch of the heart muscle results in increased force of contraction? Frank-Starling law What term describes the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute? Cardiac output In the cardiac cycle, what event occurs when ventricular pressures increase, but ventricular blood volume does not change? Isometric contraction What term describes the volume of blood ejected per heartbeat? Stroke volume In what part of the cardiovascular system does blood pressure and blood flow velocity decrease the most? Arterioles This type of regulation is responsible for increases in stroke volume at the start of exercise: Inotropic regulation An indirect measure of anaerobic capacity- the difference between oxygen cost and oxygen consumed is called? Accumulated oxygen deficit